Engineering Mathematics | Linear Algebra | Matrices and determinants; Systems of linear equations; Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors |
Calculus | Limits, continuity, differentiability; Partial derivatives, maxima and minima; Sequences and series; Tests for convergence |
Differential Equations | Linear and non-linear first-order ODEs; Higher-order ODEs with constant coefficients; Cauchy’s and Euler’s equations; Laplace transforms |
Probability and Statistics | Mean, median, mode, standard deviation; Random variables; Poisson, normal, and binomial distributions; Correlation and regression analysis |
Numerical Methods | Solutions of linear and non-linear algebraic equations; Integration by trapezoidal and Simpson’s rule; Single-step method for differential equations |
General Biology | Biochemistry | Biomolecules (structure and function); Biological membranes; Metabolism (carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids, nucleic acids); Photosynthesis, respiration, electron transport chain; Enzymes (classification, kinetics, inhibition) |
Microbiology | Bacterial classification and diversity; Microbial ecology; Viruses (structure, classification); Microbial growth and nutrition; Antibiotics and antimicrobial resistance |
Immunology | Innate and adaptive immunity; Antibody structure/function; Antigen-antibody reactions; T and B cell development; Immune response regulation; Vaccines and immunization |
Genetics, Cellular and Molecular Biology | Genetics and Evolutionary Biology | Mendelian inheritance; Gene interaction, linkage, recombination; Microbial genetics (transformation, transduction, conjugation); Genetic drift, species, speciation |
Cell Biology | Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell structure; Cell cycle and growth control; Cell signaling; Post-translational modifications; Cell death and autophagy |
Molecular Biology | Gene structure and mutation; Gene expression regulation; Nucleic acid processes (replication, transcription, splicing, translation); RNA interference; DNA repair |
Fundamentals of Biological Engineering | Engineering Principles | Material/energy balances for reactive and non-reactive systems; Stoichiometry; Degree of reduction; Electron balance; Oxygen demand |
Classical Thermodynamics and Bioenergetics | Thermodynamics laws; Reaction equilibria; Ligand binding; Metabolic pathways; Redox reactions |
Transport Processes | Fluid flow (Newtonian/non-Newtonian); Mixing; Molecular diffusion; Oxygen transfer; Heat transfer; Heat exchangers |
Bioprocess Engineering and Process Biotechnology | Bioreaction Engineering | Rate law; Reactor types (batch, mixed flow, plug flow); Enzyme immobilization; Kinetics (cell growth, substrate utilization, product formation); Optimization and scale-up |
Upstream and Downstream Processing | Media formulation, optimization; Sterilization; Filtration; Centrifugation; Cell disruption; Chromatography (ion exchange, gel filtration, affinity, HPLC, FPLC); Extraction, adsorption, drying |
Instrumentation and Process Control | Pressure, temperature, flow measurement; Valves; Feedback/feedforward control; Types of controllers (proportional, derivative, integral) |
Plant, Animal and Microbial Biotechnology | Plants | Totipotency; Plant tissue culture; Production of secondary metabolites; Transgenic plants; Somaclonal variation |
Animals | Animal cell culture; Hybridoma technology; Stem cell technology; Animal cloning; Transgenic, knock-in, knock-out animals |
Microbes | Production of biomass, biofuels, bioplastics; Industrial enzymes, antibiotics; Large-scale production of recombinant proteins |
Recombinant DNA Technology and Other Tools | Recombinant DNA Technology | Restriction/modification enzymes; Vectors (plasmids, bacteriophage, cosmids, Ti plasmid); Gene isolation and cloning; CRISPR-Cas |
Molecular Tools | PCR; DNA/RNA labeling, sequencing; DNA fingerprinting, RAPD, RFLP; Gene transfer technologies |
Analytical Tools | Microscopy (light, electron, confocal); Spectroscopy (UV, IR, MS, NMR); Electrophoresis; Microarrays; ELISA, RIA, flow cytometry |
Computational Tools | Bioinformatics resources and search tools; Sequence/structure databases; Sequence analysis, alignment, phylogeny; Genomics, proteomics, metabolomics; Metagenomics |
